Measuring the Effect of Demographic Variables on Service Quality in Tourism Industry
Dr. D. K Batra1, Dr. Kirti Singh Dahiya2
1Professor, International Management Institute (IMI), B-10, Qutab Institutional Area, Tara Crescent, New Delhi, Delhi 110016.
2Assistant Professor, Institute of Information Technology and Management (IITM), D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: dkbatra@imi.edu, Kirti6359@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Service industries have been contributing enormously to the world’s economic growth and development. Tourism is one of the leading service industry as it has contributed 10.2% of the world’s GDP. Thus, providing good service quality is essential for the tourism service providers as an entire industry is revolving around it. The present research study aims to measure the difference of service quality experienced by the tourists based on the different demographic variables including age, gender, education and nationality. Service quality has been decomposed into different subsets corresponding to the different service provider in tourism industry like transportation, hotel services, restaurant services and service quality at the destination. One-way ANOVA has been applied in the present study for data analysis. Delhi has been chosen as a study destination as it is the capital city of India and is on the favourites list of many domestic and international visitors.
KEYWORDS: Service Quality, Tourism, Demographic, Transportation, Restaurant.
1. INTRODUCTION
Economic growth and development has been the prime agenda of every country worldwide. Different demography’s, geographies and other environmental forces significantly contributes to the regional development. Tertiary sector, primarily services; playing a leading role to the world economic development. Tourism is an important contributor to the world’s GDP as it has contributed 10.2% in the year 2016. In Indian context also, tourism contributed 9.6% of the country’s GDP, which is really impressive.
Service quality is the most important concern for the service providers as their market is dependent on the level of quality provided by them to their customers. And, maintaining quality in service industry is difficult for the service provider in comparison to the products because of the intangibility factor. Tourism industry is not a pure service industry as it requires a mix of tangibles and intangibles for service delivery and delivering the value propositions to the tourists. Tourism industry is a complex system including the different interwoven subsystems; ancillary industries. The different stakeholders in tourism industry including hoteliers, transporters, restauranteurs, tour operators, tourism ministry, and an unorganized sector makes tourism as a complex system. With the presence of large number of difference service providers, it becomes difficult to define service quality of the tourism industry.
Standardization of service quality in tourism industry is not possible as the customers of tourism industry; the tourists are different from each other and they develop their own perception based on their experience during their tour towards a particular tourist destination. Millions of domestic and international tourists travels across the globe annually and they are different to each other based on their culture, subculture, race, religion, nationality, age, occupation, gender and other factors. The tourist experience and perception might be different from one another because of the demographic factors. Thus, the present research study is measuring the impact of tourist demographic factors on the experienced service quality. This paper is based on the research gaps that emerged from the review of literature. The next section is explaining the rationale of the present research study in a detailed manner.
1.1 Rationale of the Present Research study:
The review of literature revealed that different studies have been focusing the different aspects of service quality and ignoring the role of demographic factors on level of experienced service quality. The study aims to measure the variation if any on the experienced service quality by the tourists based on the demographic factors. Delhi has been chosen as a study destination because it is the capital city of Indian and a metro city with the presence of infrastructural development and modernized tourist facilities.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW:
(Eraqi 2006) examined the service quality of tourism in Egypt from two different viewpoints; external and internal customers. External customers are the tourist to the place, while internal customers are employees in the tourism industry of a particular place. The scales of the questionnaire were developed on the basis of the outcomes of two pilot studies and discussions with ten industry experts. Responses were measured on Likert scale. The level of internal satisfaction of the employees was found less than the accepted level. The satisfaction level of service quality in tourism among the tourists was at accepted level. The research suggested that along with internal and external satisfaction; tourism safe environment should be there in which employees can participate and tourist should feel secure on their visit. The role of tourism organizations for the creation of tourism enabling environment was not discussed in the study. (Eraqi 2007) analysed the service quality and positioning strategies of tourist destinations with special reference to Egypt. Variables used to measure service quality are "transportation quality, hotel service quality, restaurant quality, tourist guide quality, drivers’ behaviour, airport services, security and safety, and friendliness of the people from the viewpoint of foreign tourists". Positioning of the place was measured through various measures like "position of Egypt in comparison to other neighbouring countries, quality of tourism services, quality of tourism infrastructure, the quality of tourism environment, and quality of safety and security of the tourists". Service quality was found weak in the area of safety and security, driver's behaviour, transport quality and airport services. The research study suggested the DMO's to focus on tourism infrastructure quality in Egypt.
Inbound tourist rated Egypt at second or third position in comparison to other macro tourist destination like Turkey, Tunisia, and Dubai. Quality was linked with the quality of tourism infrastructure; and improvement in behaviour of taxi drivers and cleanliness of the place was the major concern factors, that need improvement.
Other than infrastructure factor of the place, other dimension of service quality was not explained or considered in parlance to the existing literature.
(Youl Ha 2009) classified service quality into two categories; physical service quality and perceived service quality. The study analysed the interrelationship of the two- service quality and brand equity and also examined the moderating effect of brand association, brand satisfaction and brand loyalty. The study finding suggested that physical service quality is significantly related to brand equity of a tourist destination; however, perceived service quality is not related with the brand equity. Brand satisfaction and brand loyalty were found to be having a moderating effect on the relationship between physical service quality and brand equity. The study has been conducted in Chinese tourism context and therefore generalization becomes difficult.
(Narayan et al. 2009) had undertaken a thorough analysis of the previous research studies to identify the dimension of service quality for tourism industry with reference to the Indian tourism industry. The researchers viewed the literature from two perspectives, first the state of the developed economy and secondly the condition of the developing economy. Two major constructs of the study are service quality and customer satisfaction. With critical analysis of the micro items in various researches, the research identified ten major dimension of the service quality. The dimension are core tourism experience, information, hospitality, fairness of price, hygiene, logistics, food, security, amenities and value for money. The study did not provide any empirical evidence of the relationship between these dimensions and customer satisfaction. (Malik et al. 2011) investigated the relationship between the service quality dimensions and brand loyalty of the hotel industry in Pakistan. Eight, star rated hotels were considered for the study. The hotels were four star and five star rated. The considered dimensions of service quality are reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibles. It was found that "reliability, tangible and empathy" influence brand loyalty with 40% variance, in which 27% variance was held by 'reliability'. However, responsiveness and assurance was not found to be influencing brand loyalty of the hotel industry. But, the relationship between the service quality and satisfaction was not analyzed in the research study. (Najdic 2012) conducted the study to identify the loyalty factor in tourism industry on the basis of service experience. The study was carried out measuring Serbian tourist perception towards four different countries. The countries are Croatia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece. It was found that every destination is influenced by different factors governing the destination choice. These factors are based on the political system, policies and atmosphere of the host countries. It is also suggested that tourists are price conscious also and the destination which are not attractive should be marketed on the basis of cost. Loyalty was found to be influenced by the match between the performance and expectation and value for money. This study might produce different results in Indian context.
(Paunović 2014) conducted the research study to ascertain what are the constituents of tourist satisfaction and what are the related marketing concepts to tourist satisfaction and what are the constituents of those factors. The study identified fourteen factors of tourist satisfaction which are "Nature, culture, history, safety/security, food, accommodation, nightlife, professionalism of service, customer orientation, hospitality of population, cleanliness, transportation, attractions, and variety of offer."The other important factors identified are service quality, destination image, and destination loyalty. Different factors were also identified for these three major factors. The factors of service quality are "place dependence, place identity, behavioural intention, uniqueness of the destination and authenticity". Factors of destination image are" leadership, strategy and planning, people, partnerships and resources, processes, citizen/customer oriented results, people results, social responsibility and environmental sustainability results, key performance results: degree of market internationalization (domestic, international, global), DMO budget/overnights ratio, percentage of budget use for promotional activities, use of social media and crisis Management system”.Factors of brand/destination image are "aesthetically attractive boring vs. Inspiring, relaxing vs. Stressful, hospitable vs. unfriendly, family friendly vs. Alternative, Authentic/original/real vs. fake, overrun vs. enjoyable, convivial vs. cold, easygoing/unconventional vs. elitist, conservative vs. innovative, reserved vs. outgoing, cultivated vs. ignorant, safe vs. dangerous, romantic vs. down-to earth, environmentally aware vs. unsustainable, chick/happening vs. outdated, exclusive vs. value for money, cosmopolitan vs. provincial, harmonious vs. distorted and lively vs. quiet". However, these factors were extracted from the past studies and literature. They were not verified empirically through research and lacks reliability.
(Kamali and Mousavi 2014) developed a conceptual model for branding the tourist destination and empirically tested it. It was suggested in the model that the brand awareness significantly influences brand image that affects the attitudes of tourists towards the destination. Perceived service quality was hypothesized having a moderating effect on the two relationships as stated earlier. The study was conducted for Tabriz. Other brand related constructs were not considered in the research study, in additions the study would have explored the dimensions of service quality. The demographic profile of the respondents has not been utilized in this research study. (Moisescu and Gică 2014) measured the impact of service quality on customer loyalty for offline travel agencies in Romania. Customer loyalty was defined as "the actually made positive recommendations by the tourists". Servperf and Servqual model was studied. Service quality was measured through two different aspects, first it was divided into two parts of tangible and intangible; secondly, the dimensions of service quality model. The dimensions are reliability, tangibility, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. It was found that as any increase in the level of these dimensions would lead towards more likeliness of tourists to made positive recommendations.
(Gunarathne 2014) investigated the relationship between the service quality and customer satisfaction. The dimensions of service quality considered for the study are based on the Serv Qual model of Parsuraman and Zeithaml. The dimensions of the model are tangibility, responsiveness, assurance, reliability and empathy. All the variables were found correlated with customer satisfaction except assurance, in relation to Sri Lankan hotel industry. The study did not provided relation of satisfaction with loyalty, and brand equity. (Tauoatsoala et al. 2015) conducted a research study that identified the service quality as the basis of tourist satisfaction. The factors of service quality identified in the study are attitude of service staff, traffic congestion, safety and parking facilities. All the factors were found satisfactory among the respondents. However the study regarded service quality in South Africa as poor. These antecedents did not provided clarity to the concept of service quality.
2.1. Gaps highlighted from the Review of Literature:
One of the major gap resulting from the literature review analysis is that studies are not considering the demographic profile of the respondents and the impact on the level of experienced service quality. Therefore, the present research study is oriented towards measuring the impact of demographic variables on the level of service quality experienced by the tourists visiting Delhi.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR THE PRESENT RESEARCH STUDY:
The research objective of the present research study is based on the research gaps identified from the literature review. The research objective is stated below:
1. To measure the impact of demographic factors on the different dimensions of experienced service quality.
Analysing the literature review, five different dimensions of service quality has been identified. The dimensions are ‘hotel services’, ‘restaurant services’, ‘transportation’, ‘quality at the destination’ and ‘infrastructural development’. The demographic variables selected for the research study are gender, age, education and nationality. Corresponding to study objectives following hypothesis were formulated:
Impact of Gender on Experienced Service Quality:
H1: There is no significant difference in level of experienced quality of hotel services based on gender.
H2: There is no significant difference in level of experienced quality of restaurant services based on gender.
H3: There is no significant difference in level of experienced quality of transportation services based on gender.
H4: There is no significant difference in level of experienced service quality at the tourist destination based on gender.
H5: There is no significant difference in experienced service quality of infrastructure based on gender.
Impact of Age on Experienced Service Quality:
H6: There is no significant difference in level of experienced quality of hotel services based on age
H7: There is no significant difference in level of experienced quality of restaurant services based on age.
H8: There is no significant difference in level of experienced quality of transportation services based on age.
H9: There is no significant difference in level of experienced service quality at the tourist destination based on age.
H10: There is no significant difference in experienced service quality of infrastructure based on age.
Impact of Education on Experienced Service Quality:
H11: There is no significant difference in level of experienced quality of hotel services based on education.
H12: There is no significant difference in level of experienced quality of restaurant services based on education.
H13: There is no significant difference in level of experienced quality of transportation services based on education.
H14: There is no significant difference in level of experienced service quality at the tourist destination based on education.
H15: There is no significant difference in experienced service quality of infrastructure based on education.
Impact of Nationality on Experienced Service Quality:
H16:There is no significant difference in level of experienced quality of hotel services based on nationality.
H17:There is no significant difference in level of experienced quality of restaurant services based on nationality.
H18:There is no significant difference in level of experienced quality of transportation services based on nationality.
H19:There is no significant difference in level of experienced service quality at the tourist destination based on nationality.
H20:There is no significant difference in experienced service quality of infrastructure based on nationality.
Questionnaire was developed from the variable extraction from the literature review. 29 item statements were developed and measured on 7 point interval scale. The scale value are 1 (poor), 2 (bad), 3 (somewhat bad), 4 (undecided), 5 (somewhat good), 6 (good), 7 (excellent). Item statements were classified into different dimensions of service quality. 7 statements were framed to measure service quality at the hotel. 8 statements were framed for restaurant service quality. 6 statements were made for transportation and 6 for service quality at the destination mainly the monuments. 2 statements were clubbed together under the head infrastructure. Nominal scale was used to measure the demographic factors of the study respondents. The demographic factor includes gender, age, education and nationality of the respondents. Gender is measured as male and female. Age was classified into different age groups with intervals of five years starting from 15 years of age. Eight age groups were identified. Education is measured at five levels 1 (school level), 2 (graduate), 3 (post graduate), 4 (doctorate), 5 (post doctorate). Nationality had two options-Indian coded as 1 and Foreign coded as 2 in SPSS; as data analysis has been done using SPSS. The numbers indicates the coding of the options in SPSS. One-Way ANOVA has been adopted as a data analysis technique to test the hypothesis and achieve the study objective. Demographic profile of the respondents has been analysed using frequency distribution.
Purposive sampling was adopted for the study purpose. 100 sample size was chosen as a rule of thumb for purposive sampling (Zikmund et al. 2016). It was decided to collect 125 samples as a margin of error, however 117 (above 100), were found to be useful for study purpose and sustained.
4. DATA ANALYSIS:
4.1 ANOVA Results:
The ANOVA Tables are presented below:
Table 1: Effect of Gender on Experienced Service Quality
|
ANOVA |
||||||
|
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
|
HotelServices |
Between Groups |
.101 |
1 |
.101 |
.114 |
.737 |
|
Within Groups |
102.051 |
115 |
.887 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
102.152 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
RestaurantServices |
Between Groups |
.668 |
1 |
.668 |
.746 |
.390 |
|
Within Groups |
102.978 |
115 |
.895 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
103.645 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Transportation |
Between Groups |
1.570 |
1 |
1.570 |
1.280 |
.260 |
|
Within Groups |
141.063 |
115 |
1.227 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
142.633 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
TouristDestination |
Between Groups |
.919 |
1 |
.919 |
.854 |
.357 |
|
Within Groups |
123.836 |
115 |
1.077 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
124.755 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Infrastructure |
Between Groups |
1.975 |
1 |
1.975 |
1.005 |
.318 |
|
Within Groups |
225.978 |
115 |
1.965 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
227.953 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
Table 2: Effect of Age on Experienced Service Quality
|
ANOVA |
||||||
|
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
|
Hotel Services |
Between Groups |
9.120 |
6 |
1.520 |
1.797 |
.106 |
|
Within Groups |
93.032 |
110 |
.846 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
102.152 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Restaurant Services |
Between Groups |
13.178 |
6 |
2.196 |
2.670 |
.019 |
|
Within Groups |
90.468 |
110 |
.822 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
103.645 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Transportation |
Between Groups |
16.708 |
6 |
2.785 |
2.433 |
.030 |
|
Within Groups |
125.925 |
110 |
1.145 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
142.633 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Tourist Destination |
Between Groups |
10.863 |
6 |
1.810 |
1.749 |
.116 |
|
Within Groups |
113.893 |
110 |
1.035 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
124.755 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Infrastructure |
Between Groups |
23.208 |
6 |
3.868 |
2.078 |
.061 |
|
Within Groups |
204.745 |
110 |
1.861 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
227.953 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
Table 1 indicates that there is no variation in the experienced service quality by the tourists based on their gender. All the p-value obtained for the dimensions of service quality greater than 0.05.
For hotel services p-value is 0.737>0.05, thus H1 cannot be rejected. Similarly, p-value for restaurant services is 0.390>0.05, thus H2 cannot be rejected. The third dimension is transportation services; p-value 0.260, which is greater than the significance level of 0.05 thus, it leads to non-rejection of H3. The fourth dimension is service quality at the tourist destination (monuments), for this dimension p-value is 0.357>0.05, thus the study fails to reject H4. Likewise, H5 also stands as p-value 0.318>0.05, for the dimension infrastructure. Thus it is concluded that gender does not affects the service quality experienced by the tourists.
The above table indicates that there is no variation in the hotel services experienced by the tourists as p-value is 0.106, which is greater than the 0.05. Thus, H6 cannot be rejected. The second dimension of the service quality is restaurant services with the p-values 0.019<0.05. Thus, seventh hypothesis (H7) has been rejected. It implies that the different age groups experience the different level of service quality at the restaurant. H8 has p-value 0.03<0.05, thus H8 has been rejected. In other words tourists experience different level of service quality; while, using transportation during their trip. H9 hypothesized that there is no difference in the experienced service quality at the destination mainly the monuments based on the age groups. The p-value for H9 is 0.116>0.05. Thus, the study fails to reject the null hypothesis. The p-value of infrastructural developments is 0.061>0.05, thus H10 cannot be rejected. It implies that there is no variation in the infrastructural development perception by the tourists based on the different age groups.
Table 3: Effect of Education on Experienced Service Quality
|
ANOVA |
||||||
|
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
|
Hotel Services |
Between Groups |
2.686 |
4 |
.671 |
.756 |
.556 |
|
Within Groups |
99.467 |
112 |
.888 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
102.152 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Restaurant Services |
Between Groups |
2.650 |
4 |
.662 |
.735 |
.570 |
|
Within Groups |
100.995 |
112 |
.902 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
103.645 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Transportation |
Between Groups |
6.975 |
4 |
1.744 |
1.440 |
.226 |
|
Within Groups |
135.658 |
112 |
1.211 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
142.633 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Tourist Destination |
Between Groups |
3.667 |
4 |
.917 |
.848 |
.498 |
|
Within Groups |
121.089 |
112 |
1.081 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
124.755 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Infrastructure |
Between Groups |
15.546 |
4 |
3.887 |
2.049 |
.092 |
|
Within Groups |
212.407 |
112 |
1.896 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
227.953 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
Table 4: Effect of Nationality on Experienced Service Quality
|
ANOVA |
||||||
|
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
|
Hotel Services |
Between Groups |
2.112 |
1 |
2.112 |
2.428 |
.122 |
|
Within Groups |
100.040 |
115 |
.870 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
102.152 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Restaurant Services |
Between Groups |
4.804 |
1 |
4.804 |
5.590 |
.020 |
|
Within Groups |
98.841 |
115 |
.859 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
103.645 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Transportation |
Between Groups |
1.379 |
1 |
1.379 |
1.123 |
.292 |
|
Within Groups |
141.254 |
115 |
1.228 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
142.633 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Tourist Destination |
Between Groups |
.079 |
1 |
.079 |
.073 |
.787 |
|
Within Groups |
124.676 |
115 |
1.084 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
124.755 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
Infrastructure |
Between Groups |
10.381 |
1 |
10.381 |
5.487 |
.021 |
|
Within Groups |
217.572 |
115 |
1.892 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
227.953 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
The above table is measuring the variation among the level of service quality experienced by the tourists based on the demographic factor ‘education’. The p-value for hotel services is 0.556>0.05. Thus, H11 cannot be rejected. Thus, it means that people having different level of education experience same level of services at the hotel. H12 is related with the restaurant services. P-value for H12 is 0.570>0.05; it leads to non-rejection of null hypothesis. It has similar finding as that of H11 and it can be stated that there is no variation in the service quality experienced by the tourists at the restaurants based on their education level. P-value for transportation is 0.226>0.05, thus H13 cannot be rejected and it indicates that there is no difference in experienced service quality of transportation services used by the tourists based on their education level. The p-value for service quality at the tourist destination is 0.498>0.05, thus, H14 cannot be rejected. Similarly, H15 cannot be rejected as it has p-value 0.092>0.05. The findings from table 3 clearly indicates that the demographic factor ‘education’ has no impact on service quality experienced by the tourists.
The p-value for H16 is 0.122>0.05, it leads to non-rejection of null hypothesis and it be concluded that nationality has no impact on level of service quality experienced by the tourists at the hotel. H17 is examining the effect of nationality on the restaurant service quality experienced by the tourists; the p-value is 0.020<0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis has been rejected. It reflects that nationality influences the level of service quality at the restaurant experienced by the tourists. Service quality of the transportation service has p-value of 0.292>0.015, thus H18 cannot be rejected and it signifies that nationality has no influence over the service quality of transportation services used by the tourists. H19 has p-value of 0.787>0.05, therefore, H19 cannot be rejected and it can be concluded that nationality does not influence the service quality at the destination. H20 is measuring the effect of nationality of the tourist perception towards infrastructural development with the p-value 0.021<0.05. Thus, H20 has been rejected and it signified that nationality influences the tourists experience with the infrastructural developments at the tourist destination.
4.2 Reliability of the Questionnaire
Table 5: Cronbach Alpha value for Questionnaire Reliability Statistics
|
Reliability Statistics |
|
|
Cronbach's Alpha |
N of Items |
|
.906 |
29 |
Cronbach alpha value was calculated for twenty-nine Likert scale item statements through SPSS. The output reflected the value of 0.906, which shows greater internal consistency for the questionnaire.
4.3. Demographic Profile of the Study Respondents:
66.7% of the respondents were males and 33.3% were females. 29.1% of the respondents belonged to the age group of 16-20 years, 20.5% aged between 21-25 years. A set of 21.4% study respondents were lying in the group of 26-30 years. Age group of 31-35 years constituted 13.7% and age group of 36-40 years constituted 10.3% of the study respondents. Less in numbers 3.4% of the respondents belonged the age group of 41-45 years and 1.7% of the respondents aged between 46-50 years. In terms of education 13.7% of the respondents had education up-to school level, 53.8% were graduates, 26.5% were post graduates, 6% were doctorates and one of the respondent accounting to 0.9% was post doctorate. 74.4% of the respondents were domestic tourists (Indian) and 25.6% were foreign nationals. The tables for demographic profile can be seen in appendices.
5. CONCLUSIONS:
The paper aimed at measuring the effect of demographic variables on the level of service quality experienced by the tourists during their trip to Delhi. The demographic variables considered in the study are ‘gender’, ‘age’, ‘education’ and ‘nationality’ of the study respondents. The dimension of service quality on which the effect is being measured includes ‘hotel services’, ‘restaurant service’, ‘transportation services’, ‘service quality at the destination (monuments)’, and ‘infrastructural developments’. Data analysis reflected that demographic variables have no significant impact on the dimensions of service quality experienced by the tourists. The study findings suggests that restaurant services are influenced by age and nationality. Age of the study respondents have a significant impact on the transportation services also. Nationality causes the variation in infrastructural developments. Gender and education found to be having zero impact on the experienced service quality by the tourists visiting Delhi, however nationality and age has impact on restaurant services, transportation services and infrastructural developments at the destination. The present research study shows that demographic variables are impacting less the level of service quality experienced by the tourists.
Measuring the relationship between education and income of the respondents and its impact on service quality is a key research area in future based on the present research study analysis. Findings are limited only to New Delhi as a tourists destination, however, to strengthen the findings there is a need to carry out similar research studies in future.
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10 Najdic, M2012,'Using Multiple Senses in Service Experience Creating Consumer Loyalty In Tourism', International Journal of Management Cases pp. 18-23.
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Appendices:
Table 6: Gender of the study respondents
|
Gender |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
Male |
78 |
66.7 |
66.7 |
66.7 |
|
Female |
39 |
33.3 |
33.3 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
117 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
Table 7: Age of the study respondents
|
Age |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
16-20 |
34 |
29.1 |
29.1 |
29.1 |
|
21-25 |
24 |
20.5 |
20.5 |
49.6 |
|
|
26-30 |
25 |
21.4 |
21.4 |
70.9 |
|
|
31-35 |
16 |
13.7 |
13.7 |
84.6 |
|
|
36-40 |
12 |
10.3 |
10.3 |
94.9 |
|
|
41-45 |
4 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
98.3 |
|
|
46-50 |
2 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
117 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
Table 8: Education of the study respondents
|
Education |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
School Level |
16 |
13.7 |
13.7 |
13.7 |
|
Graduate |
63 |
53.8 |
53.8 |
67.5 |
|
|
Post Graduate |
31 |
26.5 |
26.5 |
94.0 |
|
|
Doctorate |
6 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
99.1 |
|
|
Post Doctorate |
1 |
.9 |
.9 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
117 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
Table 9: Nationality of the study respondents
|
Nationality |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
Indian |
87 |
74.4 |
74.4 |
74.4 |
|
Foreign |
30 |
25.6 |
25.6 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
117 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
Received on 26.03.2018 Modified on 25.04.2018
Accepted on 29.04.2018 ©AandV Publications All right reserved
Asian Journal of Management. 2018; 9(3):1183-1190.
DOI: 10.5958/2321-5763.2018.00191.9